Anticoagulant Choices Influence Diabetes Risks in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Choosing the appropriate medications can help patients with atrial fibrillation avoid diabetes and the consequent stroke risks
When a person develops atrial fibrillation, a key goal of treatment is reducing the individual’s risk of experiencing a stroke later in life, using anticoagulants. One way to reduce the risk of stroke is to prevent that person from developing diabetes. A team of Taiwanese scientists has recently published findings showing that a patient’s risk of developing diabetes may depend on the specific anticoagulant that a clinician prescribes.
Atrial fibrillation is a condition involving irregular heartbeat rhythms, where the upper chambers of the heart beat faster than the lower chambers, sometimes causing blood clots to form in the heart and travel to other parts of the body. This makes atrial fibrillation a risk factor for stroke, leading clinicians to normally prescribe anticoagulants.
One commonly used anticoagulant is the drug warfarin, which acts by countering the effects of vitamin K, a nutrient that helps blood clot. There are, however, other anticoagulants that do not counter the effects of vitamin K, and these drugs are known as “non–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants” (NOACs).
Given a growing body of scientific evidence that vitamin K inactivity may increase an individual’s risk of developing diabetes, a team of scientists from Taiwan, mainly from the Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, wondered whether the usage of different anticoagulants can lead to different likelihoods of a patient with atrial fibrillation developing diabetes. To explain the clinical importance of this question, team leader Dr. Huei-Kai Huang notes, “In patients with atrial fibrillation who take an oral anticoagulant, diabetes can increase the risk of major bleeding, threatening intracranial hemorrhage or gastrointestinal bleeding.”
Sure enough, Dr. Huang’s team showed that patients prescribed NOACs were less likely to develop diabetes mellitus than their warfarin-treated counterparts were. Their results appear in the journal Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.
To explore this question, the scientists accessed Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database and obtained data concerning 10,746 adults diagnosed with new-onset atrial fibrillation between 2012 and 2016. This dataset included 3,452 patients who received prescriptions for warfarin and 7,294 patients who received prescriptions for NOACs (i.e., dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or apixaban).
Over a mean follow-up period of 2.4 years, the scientists found that overall, NOAC-treated patients were 20% less likely to develop diabetes than warfarin-treated patients were. Such differences in diabetes risks held up in analyses that individually compared the NOACs dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban with warfarin.
Further, among patients who were more than 65 years old, the risk of developing diabetes was 26% lower for NOAC-treated patients than for warfarin-treated patients. Even among patients who showed good adherence to medication regimens, the risk of developing diabetes was 30% lower for NOAC-treated patients than for warfarin-treated patients. Based on these observations, Dr. Huang argues, “NOACs should be considered the preferable anticoagulant treatment due to the lower risks of diabetes, especially for elderly patients. Modifications to treatment practices based on these insights could help improve the long-term prognoses of atrial fibrillation patients for whom oral anticoagulant treatment is needed.”
The study is not without limitations, as the scientists lacked detailed data concerning the patients’ clinical characteristics. Furthermore, patient anonymity rules prevented the scientists from confirming diagnoses, and the results do not conclusively establish causal relationships between anticoagulant choices and diabetes risks. The scientists were also unable to include the NOAC edoxaban in their analyses due to the drug’s limited availability in Taiwan prior to 2016. Also, further research is necessary to determine whether these findings are internationally generalizable.
Still, the present study is quite significant, as Dr. Huang notes, “This nationwide cohort study is the first to show that the risks of diabetes vary for users of different oral anticoagulants.” Given the high global prevalence of atrial fibrillation in older adults, these findings serve as an important warning of the risks of choosing a suboptimal treatment plan.
